Salud en Tabasco ISSN: 1405-2091 [email protected] Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Tabasco México Ortiz-García, Juan Manuel Guía descriptiva para la. Listado de protocolos según su capa por bps. Esta es una lista incompleta de los protocolos de red individuales, categorizada por sus capas más cercanas del modelo. En el campo de las redes informáticas, los protocolos se pueden dividir en varias categorías. Una de las clasificaciones más estudiadas es la del modelo OSI (Open. International humanitarian law (IHL) is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello). It is that branch of international law which seeks to limit the.
International humanitarian law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. International humanitarian law (IHL) is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello). It is that branch of international law which seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protecting persons who are not participating in hostilities, and by restricting and regulating the means and methods of warfare available to combatants. IHL is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. It comprises a set of rules, established by treaty or custom, that seeks to protect persons and property/objects that are (or may be) affected by armed conflict and limits the rights of parties to a conflict to use methods and means of warfare of their choice".[1] It includes "the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions, as well as subsequent treaties, case law, and customary international law."[2] It defines the conduct and responsibilities of belligerent nations, neutral nations, and individuals engaged in warfare, in relation to each other and to protected persons, usually meaning non- combatants. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and mitigating human suffering.[3]Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called war crimes.
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- PROTOCOLOS. En informática, un protocolo no es más que un conjunto de reglas formales que permiten a dos dispositivos intercambiar datos de forma no ambigua.
International humanitarian law, jus in bello, regulates the conduct of forces when engaged in war or armed conflict. It is distinct from jus ad bellum which regulates the conduct of engaging in war or armed conflict and includes crimes against peace and of war of aggression. Together the jus in bello and jus ad bellum comprise the two strands of the laws of war governing all aspects of international armed conflicts. The law is mandatory for nations bound by the appropriate treaties. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg War Trials. By extension, they also define both the permissive rights of these powers as well as prohibitions on their conduct when dealing with irregular forces and non- signatories.
International humanitarian law operates on a strict division between rules applicable in international armed conflict and internal armed conflict. This dichotomy is widely criticized.[4]The relationship between international human rights law and international humanitarian law is disputed among international law scholars. This discussion forms part of a larger discussion on fragmentation of international law.[5] While pluralist scholars conceive international human rights law as being distinct from international humanitarian law, proponents of the constitutionalist approach regard the latter as a subset of the former.[6] In a nutshell, those who favors separate, self- contained regimes emphasize the differences in applicability; international humanitarian law applies only during armed conflict. On the other hand, a more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (i. IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e. Refugee Convention), children (the 1.
Convention on the Rights of the Child), and prisoners of war (the 1. Third Geneva Convention). Two historical streams: The Law of Geneva and The Law of The Hague[edit]Modern international humanitarian law is made up of two historical streams: the law of The Hague, referred to in the past as the law of war proper; andthe law of Geneva, or humanitarian law.[7]The two streams take their names from a number of international conferences which drew up treaties relating to war and conflict, in particular the Hague Conventions of 1. Geneva Conventions, the first which was drawn up in 1.
Both are branches of jus in bello, international law regarding acceptable practices while engaged in war and armed conflict.[8]The Law of The Hague, or the laws of war proper, "determines the rights and duties of belligerents in the conduct of operations and limits the choice of means in doing harm."[9] In particular, it concerns itself withthe definition of combatants; establishes rules relating to the means and methods of warfare; and examines the issue of military objectives.[1. Main article: Laws of War. Systematic attempts to limit the savagery of warfare only began to develop in the 1. Such concerns were able to build on the changing view of warfare by states influenced by the Age of Enlightenment.[citation needed] The purpose of warfare was to overcome the enemy state, which could be done by disabling the enemy combatants. Thus, "the distinction between combatants and civilians, the requirement that wounded and captured enemy combatants must be treated humanely, and that quarter must be given, some of the pillars of modern humanitarian law, all follow from this principle."[1.
The Law of Geneva[edit]The massacre of civilians in the midst of armed conflict has a long and dark history. Selected examples includethe massacre of the inhabitants of Jericho by the Israelites under Joshuathe massacres of the Kalingas by Ashoka in India; the massacre of some 1.
Hindus by the Muslim troops of Timur (Tamerlane); andthe Crusader massacres of Jews and Muslims in the Siege of Jerusalem (1. Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1. The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non- combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted."[1. In the 1. 7th century, the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius, widely regarded as the founder or father of public international law, wrote that "wars, for the attainment of their objects, it cannot be denied, must employ force and terror as their most proper agents."[1. Humanitarian norms in history[edit]Even in the midst of the carnage of history, however, there have been frequent expressions and invocation of humanitarian norms for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts: the wounded, the sick and the shipwrecked. These date back to ancient times.[1.
In the Old Testament, the King of Israel prevents the slaying of the captured, following the prophet Elisha's admonition to spare enemy prisoners. In answer to a question from the King, Elisha said, "You shall not slay them. Would you slay those whom you have taken captive with your sword and with your bow?
Set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink and go to their master."[1. In ancient India there are records (the Laws of Manu, for example) describing the types of weapons that should not be used: "When he fights with his foes in battle, let him not strike with weapons concealed (in wood), nor with (such as are) barbed, poisoned, or the points of which are blazing with fire."[1.
There is also the command not to strike a eunuch nor the enemy "who folds his hands in supplication .. Nor one who sleeps, nor one who has lost his coat of mail, nor one who is naked, nor one who is disarmed, nor one who looks on without taking part in the fight."[1. Islamic law states that "non- combatants who did not take part in fighting such as women, children, monks and hermits, the aged, blind, and insane" were not to be molested.[1. The first Caliph, Abu Bakr, proclaimed, "Do not mutilate. Do not kill little children or old men or women. Do not cut off the heads of palm trees or burn them. Do not cut down fruit trees.
Do not slaughter livestock except for food."[1. Islamic jurists have held that a prisoner should not be killed, as he "cannot be held responsible for mere acts of belligerency."[2. Islamic law did not spare all non- combatants, however. In the case of those who refused to convert to Islam, or to pay an alternative tax, Muslims "were allowed in principle to kill any one of them, combatants or noncombatants, provided they were not killed treacherously and with mutilation."[2.
Codification of humanitarian norms[edit]The most important antecedent of IHL is the current Armistice Agreement and Regularization of War, signed and ratified in 1. Government of Great Colombia and the Chief of the Expeditionary Forces of the Spanish Crown, in the Venezuelan city of santa Ana de Trujillo. This treaty was signed under the conflict of Independence, being the first of its kind in the West. It was not until the second half of the 1. In the United States, a German immigrant, Francis Lieber, drew up a code of conduct in 1. Lieber Code, for the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The Lieber Code included the humane treatment of civilian populations in the areas of conflict, and also forbade the execution of POWs. At the same time, the involvement during the Crimean War of a number of such individuals as Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the Battle of Solferino, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims.
Dunant wrote a book, which he titled A Memory of Solferino, in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. His reports were so shocking that they led to the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1. Geneva in 1. 86. 4, which drew up the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field.[2. The Law of Geneva is directly inspired by the principle of humanity. It relates to those who are not participating in the conflict, as well as to military personnel hors de combat.
It provides the legal basis for protection and humanitarian assistance carried out by impartial humanitarian organizations such as the ICRC.[2. This focus can be found in the Geneva Conventions. Geneva Conventions[edit]. Progression of Geneva Conventions from 1. The Geneva Conventions are the result of a process that developed in a number of stages between 1.